Thursday 20 October 2016

ALL ABOUT DAME'S ROCKET

“I am a classy dame.” - Evangeline Lilly

Hesperis matronalis is a herbaceous plant species in the mustard family, Brassicaceae. It has numerous common names, including dame’s rocket, damask violet, dame’s-violet, dames-wort, dame’s gilliflower, night-scented gilliflower, queen’s gilliflower, rogue’s gilliflower, summer lilac, sweet rocket, mother-of-the-evening and winter gilliflower. Plants are biennials or short-lived perennials, native to Eurasia and cultivated in many other areas of the world for their attractive, spring-blooming flowers. In some of those areas, it has escaped cultivation and become a weed species. The genus name Hesperis is Greek for evening, and the name was probably given because the scent of the flowers becomes more conspicuous towards evening.

Hesperis matronalis grows to 100 cm or taller, with multiple upright, hairy stems. Typically, the first year of growth produces a mound of foliage, and flowering occurs the second year. The plants have showy blooms in early to mid-spring. The leaves are alternately arranged on upright stems and lanceolate; they typically have very short or lack petioles and have toothed margins, but sometimes are entire and are widest at the base. The foliage has short hairs on the top and bottom surfaces that give the leaves a somewhat rough feel. The larger leaves are around 12 cm long and over 4 cm wide.

In early spring, a thick mound of low-growing foliage is produced; during flowering the lower parts of the stems are generally unbranched and denuded of foliage and the top of the blooming plant might have a few branches that end in inflorescences. The plentiful, fragrant flowers are produced in large, showy, terminal racemes that can be 30 cm tall, or more, and elongate as the flowers of the inflorescence bloom. When stems have both flowers and fruits, the weight sometimes causes the stems to bend. Each flower is large (2 cm across), with four petals.

Flower coloration varies, with different shades of lavender and purple most common, but white, pink, and even some flowers with mixed colours exist in cultivated forms. A few different double-flowered varieties also exist. The four petals are clawed and hairless. The flowers have six stamens in two groups, the four closest to the ovary are longer than the two oppositely positioned. Stigmas are two-lobed. The four sepals are erect and form a mock tube around the claws of the petals and are also coloured similarly to the petals. Some plants may bloom until August, but warm weather greatly shortens the duration on each flower’s blooming.

Seeds are produced in thin fruits 5–14 cm long pods, containing two rows of seeds separated by a dimple. The fruit are terete and open by way of glabrous valves, constricted between the seeds like a pea pod. Seeds are oblong, 3–4 mm long and 1–1.5 mm wide. In North America, Hesperis matronalis is often confused with native Phlox species that also have similar large, showy flower clusters. They can be distinguished from each other by foliage and flower differences: Dame’s rocket has alternately arranged leaves and four petals per flower, while phloxes have opposite leaves and five petals.

H. matronalis has been a cultivated species for a long time, and grows best in full sun to partial shade where soils are moist with good drainage. It is undemanding and self seeds quickly, forming dense stands. Extensive monotypic stands of dame’s rocket are visible from great distances; these dense collections of plants have the potential to crowd out native species when growing outside of cultivated areas. The successful spread of dame’s rocket in North America is attributed to its prolific seed production and because the seeds are often included in prepackaged “wildflower seed” mixes sold for “naturalising”.

This species is commonly found in roadside ditches, dumps and in open woodland settings, where it is noticed when in bloom. It makes an attractive, hardy garden plant and probably does not pose a threat in urban settings. H. matronalis is propagated by seeds, but desirable individuals, including the double-flowering forms, are propagated from cuttings or division of the clumps.

The plant and flowers are edible, but fairly bitter, adding a sharp and distinctive note to salads and greens. The flowers are attractive added to green salads as an edible decoration. The young leaves can also be added to your salad greens (for culinary purposes, the leaves should be picked before the plant flowers). The seed can also be sprouted and added to salads. Note that Dame’s Rocket is not the same variety as the herb commonly called Rocket (Eruca sativa), which is used as a salad green.

In the language of flowers, a pink-flowered bloom means: "You are the queen of coquettes"; a white-flowered variety stands for: "You are always fashionably dressed." A variegated blossom is rather insulting as it means: "You have no dress sense!"

1 comment:

  1. A very pretty flower - which I always forget to saw...

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